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|place=Somalia |partof=the conflicts in the Horn of Africa |status=Ongoing conflict *Fall of the Supreme Revolutionary Council *Consolidation of states *Conflict between radical Islamists and the government *New government |combatant1=1986–91: Somali Democratic Republic (until 1991) *SNA ''Allied rebel groups:'' *SNF (after 1991) |combatant1a= 1992–93: USC |combatant1b= 2006–09: Islamic Courts Union Oromo Liberation Front〔(Kenya: Seven Oromo Liberation Front Fighters Held in Garissa ) Allafrica.com (Daily Nation), January 6, 2007〕 Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia Al-Shabaab Ras Kamboni Brigades Jabhatul Islamiya Muaskar Anole |combatant1c= 2009–present: Al-Qaeda * Al-Shabaab Foreign Mujahideen Hizbul Islam |combatant2=1986–91: ''Armed rebel groups:'' * SSDF * SNM * SPM *USC *SDF |combatant2a= 1992–95: *UNOSOM I *Unified Task Force *UNOSOM II |combatant2b= 2006–09: Transitional Federal Government AMISOM ''Allied armed groups:'' * ARPCT * Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a |combatant2c=2009–present: Federal Government of Somalia AMISOM ---- Advisors/Operators *〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-drone-strike-in-somalia-targets-al-shabab-leader/2014/09/02/2c833104-32a3-11e4-9e92-0899b306bbea_story.html )〕 |casualties3=Casualties: 300,000 (SFG)–500,000+ (AFP)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides )〕〔c.f. (UCDP datasets ) for SNA, SRRC, USC, SNM, ARS/UIC and Al-Shabaab tolls.〕〔UCDP (non-state conflict ) tolls〕 dead|}} The Somali Civil War is an ongoing civil war taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the Siad Barre regime during the 1980s. By 1988–90, the Somali Armed Forces began engaging various armed rebel groups,〔Ken Menkhaus, '(Local Security Systems in Somali East Africa ),' in Andersen/Moller/Stepputat (eds.) , Fragile States and Insecure People,' Palgrave, 2007, 73.〕 including the Somali Salvation Democratic Front in the northeast, the Somali National Movement in the northwest,〔 and the United Somali Congress in the south. The clan-based armed opposition groups eventually managed to overthrow the Barre government in 1991. Various armed factions began competing for influence in the power vacuum and turmoil that followed, particularly in the south. Among the effects of the 1990-92 fighting was the temporary collapse of customary law.〔Ken Menkhaus, "Local Security Systems in Somali East Africa," ''Fragile States and Insecure People'', 2007, 73.〕 This precipitated the arrival of UNITAF and UNOSOM peacekeeping forces in December 1992.〔 Factional fighting persisted in the south. With the absence of a central government, Somalia also began to be characterized as a "failed state".〔; ; 〕 The UN withdrew in 1995, having incurred significant casualties, but no central authority had yet been reestablished.〔 After the collapse of the central government, there was some return to customary and religious law in most regions. In 1991 and 1998, two autonomous regional governments were also established in the northern part of the country.〔 This led to a relative decrease in the intensity of the fighting, with SIPRI removing Somalia from its list of major armed conflicts for the years 1997 and 1998.〔In 2007, Menkhaus wrote that '..armed conflict in Somalia has generally subsided since the early 1990s. Armed clashes continue to break out, but are nowhere near the scale and intensity of the fighting that destroyed Hargeisa in 1988–89 or Mogadishu in 1991-92. Menkhaus, FSIP, 2007, 75.〕 In 2000, the Transitional National Government was established, followed by the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004. The trend towards reduced conflict halted in 2005, and sustained and destructive conflict took place in the south in 2005-07.〔Menkhaus 2007, op. cit., 76.〕 However, the fighting was of a much lower scale and intensity than in the early 1990s.〔 In 2006, Ethiopian troops seized most of the south from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union (ICU). The ICU then splintered into more radical groups, notably Al-Shabaab. which have since been fighting the Somali government and the AU-mandated AMISOM peacekeeping force for control of the country. Somalia topped the annual Fragile States Index for six years between 2008 and 2013. In October 2011, following preparatory meetings, Kenyan troops entered southern Somalia ("Operation Linda Nchi") to fight Al-Shabaab, and to establish a buffer zone inside Somalia.〔United Nations Security Council, Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council Resolution 2002 (2011), S/2012/544, p.226〕 Kenyan troops were formally integrated into the multinational force in February 2012.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://amisom-au.org/kenya-kdf/ )〕 The Federal Government of Somalia was later established in August 2012, constituting the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sg2187.doc.htm )〕 International stakeholders and analysts have subsequently begun to describe Somalia as a "fragile state", which is making some progress towards stability.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-816_en.htm )〕 In August 2014, the Somali government-led Operation Indian Ocean was launched to clean up the remaining insurgent-held pockets in the countryside. ==Fall of Barre regime (1986–91)== (詳細はMogadishu, when the car that was transporting him smashed into the back of a bus during a heavy rainstorm.〔World of Information (Firm), ''Africa review'', (World of Information: 1987), p.213.〕 He was treated in a hospital in Saudi Arabia for head injuries, broken ribs and shock over a period of a month.〔Arthur S. Banks, Thomas C. Muller, William Overstreet, ''Political Handbook of the World 2008'', (CQ Press: 2008), p.1198.〕〔National Academy of Sciences (U.S.). Committee on Human Rights, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Health and Human Rights, ''Scientists and human rights in Somalia: report of a delegation'', (National Academies: 1988), p.9.〕 Lieutenant General Mohamed Ali Samatar, then Vice President, subsequently served as de facto head of state for the next several months. Although Barre managed to recover enough to present himself as the sole presidential candidate for re-election over a term of seven years on December 23, 1986, his poor health and advanced age led to speculation about who would succeed him in power. Possible contenders included his son-in-law General Ahmed Suleiman Abdille, who was at the time the Minister of the Interior, in addition to Samatar.〔〔 In an effort to hold on to power, Barre's ruling Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) became increasingly authoritarian and arbitrary. This caused opposition to his regime to grow. Barre in turn tried to quell the unrest by abandoning appeals to nationalism, relying more and more on his own inner circle, and exploiting historical clan animosities. By the mid-1980s, more resistance movements supported by Ethiopia's communist Derg administration had sprung up across the country. Barre responded by ordering punitive measures against those he perceived as locally supporting the guerillas, especially in the northern regions. The clampdown included bombing of cities, with the northwestern administrative center of Hargeisa, a Somali National Movement (SNM) stronghold, among the targeted areas in 1988.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://countrystudies.us/somalia/65.htm )〕 In 1990, on the eve of the civil war, Somalia's first President Aden Abdullah Osman Daar and about 100 other Somali politicians signed a manifesto advocating reconciliation. A number of the signatories were subsequently arrested. Barre's heavy-handed tactics further strengthened the appeal of the various rebel movements, although these groups' only common goal was the overthrow of his regime.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Somali Civil War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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